Chicago Blog #1
Posted by Lyn on 11 Sep 2007 | Tagged as: Weekly Topics
Chicago Blog #1
What do you think the invention was that made Chicago the hub of all trade, all railroads in America? Why did all rail-lines lead to Chicago, just as in ancient times all roads led to Rome?
In the early 19th century, Chicago on Lake Michigan and St. Louis on the Mississippi River were competing to be the major inland trading center of the expanding United States. The question was would America’s heartland send everything by rail to Chicago to be loaded onto ships and then to New York via the Great Lakes? Or would everything be sent to St. Louis, put on ships and then sent down the Mississippi River to New Orleans?
A warehouse man in Buffalo, New York, Joseph Dart was the man whom you’ve never heard of, but who made Chicago the hub. He did this by inventing something you’ve probably never thought about very much–unless you’re born on a farm. Dart invented the grain elevator in 1842.
Since I grew up in Illinois and also lived for nearly 20 years in Iowa, I am acquainted with grain elevators. They are those tall metal buildings near the railroad in small farming communities all over the Midwest. When I was in college I was visiting a girlfriend whose family (the Browns) were farmers and I actually worked with the mother as she helped her husband harvest crops one fall. The men are in the fields with the combines, harvesting the corn. Usually their wives drive the grain truck back and forth between the field and the grain elevator in town. When we would arrive at the grain elevator with another full truckload of grain, Mrs. Brown would drive onto a special plate (or plates) which would weigh the grain (subtracting the weight of the truck) and the bottom of the heavy-duty grain truck would open in the grain would pour out into a grate below. Then it would be lifted up into the elevator.
Now what’s the big deal about grain elevators? The big deal is that St. Louis kept the old system of sacking grain and then shipping the sacks down the river on barges. But Chicago built grain elevators on the lakefront so that farmers at first could just drive their loaded wagons to the elevator and not have to bag it first or wait for longshoremen to load the bags onto barges. As soon as the railroads saw that the grain elevator took out the laborious and time-consuming sacking of grain and loading of grain bags, they built the railway lines to Chicago, not St. Louis. Have you ever heard of Joseph Dart? Is he even listed in the Encyclopedia Britannica? No.
The effect of his invention in 1842 caused many other American financial institutions to be born. I will be talking about those on Thursday.
My source is Nature’s Metropolis: Chicago and the Great West by William Cronon, 1999.
